This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Manila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga and Sulu as well as some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possible location is either Mindoro or Laguna. Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early states. Scholars generally believe that these ethnic and social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization. By around 3000 BC, seafaring Austronesians, who form the majority of the current population, migrated southward from Taiwan. Negrito groups were the first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines. The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Caves in Palawan dating about 47,000 years. Homo luzonensis, a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon at least 67,000 years ago. It does not and will not condone unethical research.Earliest hominin activity in the Philippine archipelago is dated back to at least 709,000 years ago. It is quite ironic, therefore, that they are now accusing the NCIP and PHREB of unethical conduct.Īs a research unit of the University of the Philippines, the PGC adheres to the same standards of honor and excellence that the University stands for in all its undertakings. Jakobsson communicated directly with NCIP and PHREB to address these concerns. It should be noted further that NCIP and PHREB had been raising the ethical and research concerns in relation to Dr. They did not consult the NCIP and the PHREB–the very institutions mandated by Philippine law to protect indigenous peoples’ rights and ensure the conduct of ethical research. They did not provide the institutions who had complained about the study the opportunity to explain their positions. They do not appear to know Philippine laws and procedures on the ethical conduct of research. It should be noted, however, that these investigators are entities located outside the Philippines. Jakobsson’s Statement implies that the ethical issues raised against their research are now rendered moot by several investigators who have concluded that their conduct of research has complied with ethical standards. It is PGC’s position that NCIP’s and PHREB’s actions should be considered in view of their respective mandates.ĭr. On the other hand, the PHREB is tasked with ensuring the protection of human participants in health research (Republic Act No. The NCIP is the primary government agency that promotes and protects the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples (Republic Act No. PGC neither controls nor supervises the NCIP and PHREB. PGC and these agencies happen to share a common position given the prevailing process of obtaining ethical clearance for research in the Philippines. Jakobsson have been raised and discussed among the NCIP, PHREB, the Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, PGC and other agencies. The ethical issues related to the research of Dr.
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